Table 6 Engineered EV-Nanosystems for Multimodal Synergistic Cancer Immunotherapy
Evs Type | Cancer Type | Biological role | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Hybrid liposome-based system (nano-Pt + VP, hybridized with macrophage cell membranes) | Not specified | Enhance chemo-PDT efficacy | Nano-Pt catalyzes oxygen production at the tumor site, enhancing VP-mediated PDT, and promotes chemotherapy via improved tumor penetration | [178] |
Biomimetic nanocarrier (BSA + 1,2-diaminocyclohexane-platinum + ICG, embedded in erythrocyte membrane) | Not specified | Increase circulation time and tumor accumulation, promote tumor cell apoptosis | Erythrocyte membrane rupture under NIR light releases drugs; platinum mediates DNA damage, and ICG produces cytotoxic singlet oxygen and heat | [179] |
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) modified with folic acid (delivering Hdac1 siRNA and zoledronic acid) | Osteosarcoma (OS) | Enhance tumor targeting and therapeutic effects | Targeted delivery of Hdac1 siRNA and zoledronic acid to cancer cells, addressing drug resistance and toxicity | [180] |