Table 2 Engineered EVs with cytotoxic effect for cancer immunotherapy
Evs Type | Cancer Type | Biological role | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
NK cell-derived EVs | General (tumors) | Cytotoxicity against tumor cells | Contains perforin, granzyme A/B, and caspase proteins, mediating direct cytotoxicity | [135] |
NK-derived EV mimetics (NKsome) | General (tumors) | Tumor targeting and antitumor activity | NK cell membrane proteins enhance tumor homing efficiency, synergize with doxorubicin | [136] |
NK-derived EV mimetics (NK-NPs) | General (tumors) | Tumor targeting, immune modulation, cytotoxicity | Tumor-associated macrophage polarization, direct cytotoxicity | [137] |
CAR-T cell-derived Exosomes | Mesothelin-positive triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) | Inhibition of tumor cell growth | Retain CAR expression and protein cargo to target TNBC cells | [140] |
M1 macrophage-derived EVs | General (tumors) | Antitumor effects, apoptosis induction | Direct cytotoxicity, inducing apoptosis in tumor cells | [141] |
Small engineered EVs | Gastric cancer | Delivery of siRNA targeting m6 A reader YTHDF1 | Modulates Wnt/β-catenin pathway, enhances IFN-γ response, low toxicity | [142] |
IL2-tethered small EVs | Melanoma | Enhancement of CD8 + T cell anticancer activity | Reduces PD-L1 expression, induces specific microRNA activity | [143] |
Dendritic cell-derived EVs (DEV-IL) | General (tumors) | IL-12 delivery to recruit immune cells, deplete immunosuppressive cells | Recruits immune cells, reduces tumor immune suppression, enhances antitumor activity | [144] |
Engineered EVs with GE11 peptides | EGFR-positive tumors (General) | Targeting EGFR-positive tumor cells, drug delivery | Selective targeting of EGFR-positive cells, enhances apoptosis, reduces toxicity | [145] |
CD8+ T cell-derived EVs | Lung cancer | Enhanced antitumor activity and specificity | Interleukin-2 and cetuximab enhance targeting and immune response | [146] |
Radiation-enhanced EVs | Glioblastoma | Tumor regression and survival prolongation | Traps TGF-β, improves immune responses, tumor targeting | [147] |
Hybrid nanovesicles (Lip-CExo@PTX) | Lung cancer | Targeted delivery of paclitaxel (PTX) | Reduces systemic toxicity, enhances antitumor efficacy and survival | [148] |