Fig. 7

Engineered EV manufacturing scheme for clinical application. The development of engineered EV treatment under GMP conditions starts from the production of EV, whereas the isolation and purification methods still lack a universal approach, and the combination of them, such as UC and SEC, is recommended. Subsequently, the drug loading was conducted by endogenous or exogenous manner dependent on the types of therapeutic agents. However, how to improve the loading efficacy and maintain EV stability remains challenging. After the engineered process, quality control of obtained EVs is strongly suggested to test their uniformity. 4℃ and −80℃ are common used for the storage of EVs, whereas the lyophillization emerges as an alternative method. Finally, before clinical application, clinical trials are required to further evaluate the safety and efficacy of the engineered EVs in patients with cancer. Created with BioRender.com