Fig. 4

A Fabrication of siRNA and Ce6 dual-loaded LASNEO and the light-triggered disassemble of LASNEO. B Collaboratively reprogram of multiple types of immune cells by LASNEO. First, LASNEO displays NK cell like cytotoxicity. After internalized by tumor cells, LASNEOs are disintegrated under 660 nm laser irradiation and photogenerated ROS facilitates endosomal escape of siRNA, and then siRNA mediates robust gene silence of PLK1 or PD-L1. Downregulation of PD-L1 and several soluble factors contained in NEO restore T cell immune surveillance. Moreover, ROS also triggers effective photodynamic therapy and augments M1 macrophage polarization and DC maturation. Adapted with permission from Zhang et al. 2022 [139]