Fig. 3

Preparation and characterization of cGAMP^@vEVs. a Construction of cGAMP^@vEVs. b Synergistic cancer immunotherapy mechanism of cGAMP^@vEVs. c TEM imaging of the tEVs, vEVs, and cGAMP^@vEVs. d-e, Average particle size (d) and ζ potential (e) distribution of cGAMP^@vEVs, as analyzed by DLS. f Western blot analysis of CRT and VSVG expression in different EV formations. g Fluorescence colocalization imaging of cGAMP^@vEVs. VSVG and cGAMP are depicted in green and red, respectively. h BCA protein quantification of tEVs and vEVs. i, j Size (i) and ζ potential (j) distribution of cGAMP.^@vEVs stored in 10% FBS (v/v) for 7 days. Data are presented as mean ± S.D. (n = 3 biologically independent samples). Adapted with permission from Wang et al. 2025 [133]