Tumor-associated macrophages remodel the suppressive tumor immune microenvironment and targeted therapy for immunotherapy

Table 1 Phenotypes and biomarkers of macrophages

Type	Stimuli	Biomarker	Overall function(s)
M1	LPS, GM-CSF, TNF-α, IFN-γ	MHC ΙΙ^hi, CD80, CD86, iNOS, HLA-DR, SOCS3, TLR2, TLR4, IL-1R, FCGR1A	a. Produce pro-inflammatory cytokines b. Occupy a key role in Th1 cell recruitment, pathogen resistance, and tumor-killing
M2	M-CSF, IL-4, IL-13, IL-10, TGF-β	CD163, CD206, CD204, CD209, CD115, CD301, Arg1, MACRO, TLR1, TLR7, TLR8	a. Suppress inflammation b. Induce a Th2 response and improve tumor progression

Abbreviations: LPS = lipopolysaccharide; GM-CSF = granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-α; IFN-γ = interferon-γ; M-CSF = macrophage-colony stimulating factor

ISSN: 1756-9966